[36], Gorbachev conducted a significant personnel reshuffling of the CPSU leadership, forcing old party conservatives out of office. [67], Under Lenin, the Central Committee functioned much as the Politburo did during the post-Stalin era, serving as the party's governing body. [62], The Central Committee was a collective body elected at the annual party congress. At higher levels the Committees were abbreviated accordingly: obkoms (обком) at oblast (zone) levels (known earlier as gubkoms (губком) for guberniyas), raikoms (райком) at raion (district) levels (known earlier as ukoms (уком) for uyezds), gorkom (горком) at city levels, etc. [184] The CPC Organization Department said, "What Gorbachev in fact did was not to transform the CPSU by correct principles—indeed the Soviet Communist Party needed transformation—but instead he, step-by-step, and ultimately, eroded the ruling party's dominance in ideological, political and organizational aspects". Regional » Countries. [104] Before 1989, the Central Committee had several departments, but some were abolished that year. [12] Khrushchev improved relations with Josip Broz Tito's League of Communists of Yugoslavia but failed to establish the close, party-to-party relations that he wanted. At that time the Imperial Russian Table of Ranks was abolished, as were the privileges of the pre-Soviet Russian nobility. [166] He concluded that the only viable threat to socialism in the Soviet Union was a military intervention. [171] His policies of perestroika and glasnost tried to revitalize the Soviet economy and the social and political culture of the country. [138] According to Marxist theory, the state is a vehicle for oppression and is headed by a ruling class. In 1925, the name of the party was changed to the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks), reflecting that the republics outside of Russia proper were no longer part of an all-encompassing Russian state. [52] According to Soviet pronouncements, democratic centralism was distinguished from "bureaucratic centralism", which referred to high-handed formulae without knowledge or discussion. [56] The basic idea was that a small group of organized people could wield power disproportionate to their size with superior organizational skills. This system remained identical at all other levels of the CPSU hierarchy. [172] Nonetheless, Gorbachev accepted that the people sought a different road and consented to the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991. News Opinion Columnists SNP leadership must not react to democratic dissent within party ranks like Soviet Communists – Kenny MacAskill An SNP conference of sorts will take place this weekend. Meanwhile, the party closed its ranks to new members from 1933 to November 1936. [128] Gorbachev supported privatization to a degree but based his policies on Lenin's and Bukharin's opinions of the New Economic Policy of the 1920s, and supported complete state ownership over the commanding heights of the economy. He was the absolute ruler of the Soviet Union and later of the Communist bloc in Eastern Europe. But this contradiction springs from life itself and reflects completely Marxist dialectic. [116] The oblast's party committee in turn elected delegates to the republican-level Congress, which was held every five years. [164] Stalin responded to Trotsky's pamphlet with his article, "October and Comrade Trotsky's Theory of Permanent Revolution". [136] Stalin explained the reasoning behind it at the 16th Congress held in 1930;[136], We stand for the strengthening of the dictatorship of the proletariat, which represents the mightiest and most powerful authority of all forms of State that have ever existed. History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Events in Moscow, and 4 more Political party assemblies [114] During the reorganization drive of 1956, Khrushchev closed 13 of them and reclassified 29 as inter-republican and inter-oblast schools. In the aftermath of the October Revolution, the soviets united federally and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the world's first constitutionally socialist state, was established. Communist Party of the Soviet Union Rank-and-File [LLC, Books] on Amazon.com.au. As generations grew up having known nothing before the Soviet Union, party membership became something one generally achieved after passing a series of stages. Additionally, the CPRF was initially founded as the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in 1990 (sometime before the abolition of the CPSU) and was seen by critics as a "Russian-nationalist" counterpart to the CPSU. [5] The NEP ended a brief period of intense rationing called "war communism" and began a period of a market economy under Communist dictation. The Bolsheviks, organized in 1903, were led by Vladimir I. Lenin, and they argued for a tightly disciplined organization of professional revolutionaries who were governed by democratic centralism and were dedicated to achieving the dictatorship of the proletariat. Communist Party of the Soviet Union (disambiguation), institution of free multi-candidate elections, Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Collective leadership in the Soviet Union, Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, The Personality Cult and its Consequences, Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Central Auditing Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Departments of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Education system under the CPSU Central Committee, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Ministry of Higher and Specialized Secondary Education, State Committee for Physical Culture and Sports, Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism, October and Comrade Trotsky's Theory of Permanent Revolution, Concerning the Results of the XIV Conference of the RCP(b), Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Institute of Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, [kəmʊnʲɪsʲtʲˈitɕɪskəjə ˈpartʲɪjə sɐvʲˈetskəvə sɐˈjuzə], "2nd International Congress of Brussels, 1891", "Справочник по истории Коммунистической партии и Советского Союза 1898 - 1991", Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. Before he died, Lenin warned his party comrades to beware of Stalin’s ambitions. View all » Common terms and phrases. After Stalin's death, Khrushchev rose to the top post by overcoming political adversaries, including Lavrentiy Beria and Georgy Malenkov, in a power struggle. [113] It was reorganized in 1956 to that it could offer more specialized ideological training. The Communist parties of other countries were also governed by central committees. Coterminous with the present-day republic of Georgia, it was based on the traditional territory of Georgia, which had existed as a series of independent states in the Caucasus prior to annexation by the Russian Empire in 1801. Meanwhile, the Party closed its ranks to new members from 1933 to November 1936. [167] Stalin countered that Engels' writings reflected "the era of pre-monopoly capitalism, the pre-imperialist era when there were not yet the conditions of an uneven, abrupt development of the capitalist countries". [87] It was legally empowered to take over the duties and functions of the Central Committee when it was not in the plenum (did not hold a meeting). [179], — Lu Nanqun, a Sovietologist from CASS[180], While most CPC researchers criticize the CPSU's economic policies, many have criticized what they see as "Soviet totalitarianism". When the Congress was not in session, the Central Committee was the highest body. alternate case: history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Source: Letter of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in reply to the letter of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union dated July 30, 1964.Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1964; pages 9-15. This category has the following 17 subcategories, out of 17 total. In the final years of the CPSU's existence, the Communist Parties of the federal subjects of Russia were united into the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). On 30 November 1992, the Russian Constitutional Court not only upheld this decree but barred the CPSU from ever being refounded. Yet, it was not preordained that the entire Soviet Union would break up. All policies were justifiable if it contributed to the Soviet Union's achievement of that stage. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the only official party of the Soviet Union. [40] On 13 March 1988, Nina Andreyeva, a university lecturer, wrote an article titled "I Cannot Forsake My Principles". [136] The threat of capitalism was used to strengthen Stalin's personal powers and Soviet propaganda began making a direct link with Stalin and stability in society, saying that the country would crumble without the leader. [113] In 1956, the school in Moscow was opened for students from socialist countries outside the Soviet Union. [43] The elections featured the highest electoral turnout in Russian history; no election before or since had a higher participation rate. [46] A new Politburo was elected, previous incumbents (except Gorbachev and Vladimir Ivashko, the CPSU Deputy General Secretary) were removed. This change was approved at the 19th Conference, which was held in 1988. [128] Marxism–Leninism stressed the importance of the worldwide conflict between capitalism and socialism; the Soviet press wrote about progressive and reactionary forces while claiming that socialism was on the verge of victory and that the "correlations of forces" were in the Soviet Union's favor. [24], During his rule, Brezhnev supported détente, a passive weakening of animosity with the West with the goal of improving political and economic relations. [Because] the proletariat is still so divided, so degraded, so corrupted in parts ... that an organization taking in the whole proletariat cannot directly exercise proletarian dictatorship. [165] Despite this cynical attitude, Zinoviev and Kamenev believed that a defective form of socialism could be constructed. [22] At the start of his premiership, Kosygin experimented with economic reforms similar to those championed by Malenkov, including prioritizing light industry over heavy industry to increase the production of consumer goods. The main direction of this development is toward even greater changes in the correlation of forces in the world arena in favor of socialism. [113] The Moscow Higher Party School was the party school with the highest standing. [186] The CPC criticizes the CPSU of pursuing Soviet imperialism in its foreign policies. The factions within the soviets became increasingly polarized in the later summer after armed demonstrations by soldiers at the call of the Bolsheviks and an attempted military coup by commanding Gen. Lavr Kornilov to eliminate the socialists from the provisional government. The party was dissolved in 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. During the collectivization campaign and industrialization campaigns of the first five-year plan from 1929 to 1933, party membership grew rapidly to approximately 3.5 million members. Only Colnect automatically matches collectibles you want with collectables collectors offer for sale or swap. [171] These policies led to the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and indirectly destabilized Gorbachev's and the CPSU's control over the Soviet Union. Before 1990 the communist party organization in Russian oblasts, autonomous republics and some other major administrative units were subordinated directly to the CPSU Central Committee.[1]. [154] In a meeting with Party officials, Lenin stated—in line with his economist view of socialism—that "Industry is indispensable, democracy is not", further arguing that "we [the Party] do not promise any democracy or any freedom". "Verification of fulfillment" (Russian: proverka ispolneniia) of party and state decisions meant that the Secretariat instructed other bodies. After recovering from the Second World War, reforms were implemented which decentralized economic planning and liberalized Soviet society in general under Nikita Khrushchev. [131] Lenin's main contribution to Marxist thought is the concept of the vanguard party of the working class. [86] The 19th Congress abolished the Orgburo and its duties and responsibilities were taken over by the Secretariat. [65] Because of this, the Central Committee was commonly considered an indicator for Sovietologists to study the strength of the different institutions. [131] The CPSU was open only to a small number of workers because the workers in Russia still had not developed class consciousness and needed to be educated to reach such a state. [181] They accuse Joseph Stalin of creating a system of mass terror, intimidation, annulling the democracy component of democratic centralism and emphasizing centralism, which led to the creation of an inner-party dictatorship. The most significant for the purpose of this wiki was the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. [162] While the concept has been interpreted by fellow communists as proposing an end to the conflict between the systems of capitalism and socialism, Khrushchev saw it as a continuation of the conflict in every area except in the military field. The Growth of the Party. [166] Stalin said the contradictions which arose within the peasantry during the socialist transition could "be overcome by our own efforts". This category has only the following subcategory. [68] According to party rules, the Central Committee was to convene at least twice a year to discuss political matters—but not matters relating to military policy. № 169 «О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР», "Stalin: 50 years after the death of a tyrant - Part one", "Program of the CPSU, 27th Congress, 1986 - Part One", "Everything You Think You Know About the Collapse of the Soviet Union Is Wrong", "Reform, Coup and Collapse: The End of the Soviet State", Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union, Executive Bodies of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1917–1991), Program of the CPSU, 27th Party Congress (1986), Political Administration of the Ministry of Defence, General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia, League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad, League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, Communist Party of the Republic of Tatarstan, Constitutional Democratic Party – Party of Popular Freedom, Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union, People's Freedom Party "For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption", Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks), Workers' Party for the Political Liberation of Russia, Official list of parties registered by the Ministry of Justice, Russian political movements and non-registered parties, Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united), Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic, Communist Party of the Soviet Union (2001), Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist), Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union), Ukrainian Party of Left Socialists-Revolutionaries, Ukrainian Party of Socialists-Federalists, Ukrainian Party of Socialist Independists, Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=992355881, 1912 establishments in the Russian Empire, 1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union, Defunct political parties in Georgia (country), Articles containing Russian-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 1917–1918: Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), 1918–1925: Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 1925–1952: All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 1952–1991: Communist Party of the Soviet Union, This page was last edited on 4 December 2020, at 20:55. [177] The main economic failure was that the political leadership did not pursue any reforms to tackle the economic malaise that had taken hold, dismissing certain techniques as capitalist, and never disentangling the planned economy from socialism. [34] Throughout his short leadership, Chernenko was unable to consolidate power, and effective control of the party organization remained in Gorbachev's control. [137] Two key concepts were created in the latter half of his rule; the "two camps" theory and the "capitalist encirclement" theory. [155] Lenin believed that the economic crisis of 1900 accelerated and intensified the concentration of industry and banking, which led to the transformation of the finance capital connection to industry into the monopoly of large banks. The office was formally titled First Secretary between 1952 and 1966. [55] According to Lenin, the Party and the oppressed classes could never become one because the Party was responsible for leading the oppressed classes to victory. [112] The HPS was established in 1939 as the Moscow Higher Party School and it offered its students a two-year training course for becoming a CPSU official. However, in practice the power structure became reversed and, particularly after the death of Lenin in January 1924, supreme power became the domain of the General Secretary. [172] Brown added that a different leader than Gorbachev would probably have oppressed the opposition and continued with economic reform. [100] To create an organizational link between the CCC and other central-level organs, the 9th All-Russian Conference created the joint CC–CCC plenums. Note From World Census: While we strive to keep rankings as up-to-date as possible, limited manpower can create delays of up to one hour in the above table. [88] "Selections of personnel" (Russian: podbor kadrov) in this instance meant the maintenance of general standards and the criteria for selecting various personnel. The CPSU formed out of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1912. [52] Lenin believed that the party needed to be ruled from the center and have at its disposal power to mobilize party members at will. Pravda (The Truth) was the leading newspaper in the Soviet Union. General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Генеральный секретарь ЦК КПСС) was the title given to the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.With some exceptions, from 1929 onwards the office was synonymous with leader of the Soviet Union. The office was synonymous with the leader of the Soviet Union after Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power in the 1920s. The Pridnestrovie Communist Party, also translated as the Pridnestrovian Communist Party, is a communist party in the unrecognized state of Transnistria, led by Oleg Khorzhan. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, also shortened to CPSU, was the ruling party in Russia from 1917 until 1991.As the name suggests, tt was a totalitarian communist party, the first of it's kind in fact.. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union arose from the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (RSDWP). Edit The same terminology ("raikom", etc.) The acronym was usually transliterated as VKP(b), or sometimes VCP(b). Tell the Publisher! This category includes members of the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) (1925-1952) and Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1952-1991). The Bolsheviks believed at this time that Russia, being among the most economically undeveloped and socially backward countries in Europe, had not yet reached the necessary conditions of development for socialism to become a practical pursuit and that this would have to wait for such conditions to arrive under capitalist development as had been achieved in more advanced countries such as England and Germany. [85] This system survived until the dissolution of the CPSU in 1991. [153] Lenin began arguing that the proletariat, like the bourgeoisie, did not have a single preference for a form of government and because of that, the dictatorship was acceptable to both the Party and the proletariat. [37] In 1985 and early 1986 the new leadership of the party called for uskoreniye (Russian: ускоре́ние, lit. The party has been called young and dynamic by state media, in contrast to the more conservative Communist Party of Pridnestrovie headed by Vladimir Gavrilchenko. [161] It continued to uphold the creed that socialism was inevitable and they sincerely believed that the world had reached a stage in which the "correlations of forces" were moving towards socialism. According to the party statute, it was the supreme ruling body of the entire Communist Party. In 1925, the party had 1,025,000 members in a Soviet population of 147 million. Call Number: Film A1059, in the microfilm cage in Lamont basement. History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union: (Bolshevik) ... Best Sellers Rank: #536,136 in Books (See Top 100 in Books) #21,500 in World History (Books) Customer Reviews: 4.0 out of 5 stars 1 rating. 258,365 Pages. Also during this time, a campaign against religion was waged in which the Russian Orthodox Church, which had long been a political arm of tsarism before the revolution, was targeted for repression and organized religion was generally removed from public life and made into a completely private matter, with many churches, mosques and other shrines being repurposed or demolished. [47] When Gorbachev resumed control (21 August 1991) after the coup's collapse, he resigned from the CPSU on 24 August 1991 and operations were handed over to Ivashko. [25] However, by the 25th Congress held in 1976, political, economic and social problems within the Soviet Union began to mount, and the Brezhnev administration found itself in an increasingly difficult position. Stalin, however, argued that such a foreign policy would not be feasible with the capabilities then possessed by the Soviet Union and that it would invite the country's destruction by engaging in armed conflict. Imperialism is capitalism at the stage of development at which the dominance of monopolies and finance capital is established; in which the export of capital has acquired pronounced importance; in which the division of the world among the international trusts as begun; in which divisions of all territories of the globe among the biggest capitalist powers has been completed. [79] In the post-Stalin period, the Politburo controlled the Central Committee apparatus through two channels; the General Department distributed the Politburo's orders to the Central Committee departments and through the personnel overlap which existed within the Politburo and the Secretariat. OCR and HTML: Juan Fajardo, for marxists.org, July 2020. [106] The Organizational Department of the Central Committee was the only organ empowered to dismiss Pravda editors. The Congress was replaced i… At the 11th Congress, the 3rd Statute was adopted with only minor amendments being made. As the general consensus within the soviets moved leftward, less militant forces began to abandon them, leaving the Bolsheviks in a stronger position. [187], Ruling political party of the Soviet Union, "CPSU" redirects here. [95] At first, the primary responsibility of the CCs was to respond to party complaints, focusing mostly on party complaints of factionalism and bureaucratism. [128] The ideology professed state atheism; Party members were not allowed to be religious. This category includes members of the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) (1925-1952) and Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1952-1991). [118] All CPSU members had to be a member of a local PPO. [39] According to the British researcher of Russian affairs, Archie Brown, the democratization of the Soviet Union brought mixed blessings to Gorbachev; it helped him to weaken his conservative opponents within the party but brought out accumulated grievances which had been suppressed during the previous decades. [54] Lenin intended that the devotion to policy required by centralism would protect the parties from such revisionist ills and bourgeois defamation of socialism. Popular pages. The Party took the name Communist Party of the Soviet Union … [104] The State and Legal Department supervised the armed forces, KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the trade unions, and the Procuracy. [23] Similar reforms were introduced in Hungary under the name New Economic Mechanism; however, with the rise to power of Alexander Dubček in Czechoslovakia, who called for the establishment of "socialism with a human face", all non-conformist reform attempts in the Soviet Union were stopped. Communist Party of the Soviet Union. [157] Eduard Bernstein from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SDP) considered capitalism's revitalization as proof that it was evolving into a more humane system, adding that the basic aims of socialists were not to overthrow the state but to take power through elections. [84] After 1922, when Lenin was incapacitated, Lev Kamenev as Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars chaired the Politburo's meetings. Colnect collectors club revolutionizes your collecting experience! [119] In such cases, the PPO was divided into bureaus based upon production-units. The political situation was calm because of twenty years of systematic repression against any threat to the country and one-party rule, and the Soviet Union was in its peak of influence in world affairs. [93] However, the Secretariat could make decisions in the Orgburo's name without consulting its members, but if one Orgburo member objected to a Secretariat resolution, the resolution would not be implemented. Register Military. [14] Shortly before his eventual ousting, he tried to introduce economic reforms championed by Evsei Liberman, a Soviet economist, which tried to implement market mechanisms into the planned economy. [128] Largely, Soviet nationalism was based upon ethnic Russian nationalism. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian adherents to the CPSU tradition, particularly as it existed before Gorbachev, reorganized themselves within the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF). However, the CPRF is generally seen (due to its massive size) as the heir of the CPSU in Russia. [47] In reaction to this, conservative elements within the CPSU launched the August 1991 coup, which overthrew Gorbachev but failed to preserve the Soviet Union. [103] During the Gorbachev era, a variety of departments made up the Central Committee apparatus. Seeing potential enemies everywhere, leaders of the government security apparatuses began severe crackdowns known as the Great Purge. [134] In the early 1930s, he initiated the collectivization of Soviet agriculture by de-privatizing agriculture and creating peasant cooperatives rather than making it the responsibility of the state. [139] The Russian Revolution was by 1917, already a failure according to its original aim, which was to act as an inspiration for a world revolution. [161], Peaceful coexistence was steeped in Leninist and Stalinist thought. [131] In contrast to Marx, who believed that the socialist revolution would comprise and be led by the working class alone, Lenin argued that a socialist revolution did not necessarily need to be led or to comprise the working class alone. [60] The elections at Congresses were all predetermined and the candidates who stood for seats to the Central Committee and the Central Auditing Commission were approved beforehand by the Politburo and the Secretariat. , Zinoviev and Kamenev believed that a defective form of socialism ] this system survived until the of. 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