Pierre Beauchamp, his private dance instructor, was ordered by Louis to come up with a notation system to record ballet performances, which he did with great success. [32], The Dutch opened talks with Charles II of England on a common diplomatic front against France, leading to the Triple Alliance, between England, the Dutch and Sweden. The film starts the with the realization that the King Louis is very ill, and ends with his death. His choices were strategic and varied. After going for a walk, Louis XIV feels a pain in his leg. It was not only that life became insecure and unpleasant – a fate meted out to many children in all ages – but that Louis had to be taken into the confidence of his mother and Mazarin and political and military matters of which he could have no deep understanding". The King was thus portrayed largely in majesty or at war, notably against Spain. His reign was the longest that ever lasted of any European Monarch. 1 hr 55 mins. Reforms introduced by Louvois, the Secretary of War, helped maintain large field armies that could be mobilised much quicker, allowing them to mount offensives in early spring before their opponents were ready. In contrast, no renunciations tainted the claims of the Emperor Leopold I's son Charles, Archduke of Austria, who was a grandson of Philip III's youngest daughter Maria Anna. [117] Europe came to admire France for its military and cultural successes, power, and sophistication. [19] "The family home became at times a near-prison when Paris had to be abandoned, not in carefree outings to other chateaux but in humiliating flights". Moreover, the significant reduction in civil wars and aristocratic rebellions during his reign are seen by these historians as the result of Louis' consolidation of royal authority over feudal elites. Louis sought instead to install his own candidate, Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, to ensure the key Rhenish state remained an ally. European apprehension at growing French might and the realisation of the extent of the dragonnades' effect (discussed below) led many states to abandon their alliance with France. Louis XIV, also popularly known as the Sun King (5 September 1638–1 September 1715) was the King of France and King of Navarre from 14 May 1643 until his death. Queen Anne played the most important role in defeating the Fronde because she wanted to transfer absolute authority to her son. Anne interfered much more in internal policy than foreign affairs; she was a very proud queen who insisted on the divine rights of the King of France. Ostentation was a distinguishing feature of daily Mass, annual celebrations, such as those of Holy Week, and special ceremonies. Louis XIV, the Palace of Versailles, absolute monarchy… Why don’t we take a closer look at the emergence of the nation state in early modern France? It arose from two events in the Rhineland. [45] Louis also received a Chinese Jesuit, Michael Shen Fu-Tsung, at Versailles in 1684. French colonies multiplied in Africa, the Americas, and Asia during Louis' reign, and French explorers made important discoveries in North America. [84] In desperation, Louis ordered a disastrous invasion of the English island of Guernsey in the autumn of 1704 with the aim of raiding their successful harvest. Enduring much pain in his last days, he finally "yielded up his soul without any effort, like a candle going out" while reciting the psalm Domine, ad adjuvandum me festina (O Lord, make haste to help me). The best example of Anne's statesmanship and the partial change in her heart towards her native Spain is seen in her keeping of one of Richelieu's men, the Chancellor of France Pierre Séguier, in his post. In the end, however, despite renewed tensions with the Camisards of south-central France at the end of his reign, Louis may have helped ensure that his successor would experience fewer instances of the religion-based disturbances that had plagued his forebears. The English and Dutch feared that a French or Austrian-born Spanish king would threaten the balance of power and thus preferred the Bavarian Prince Joseph Ferdinand, a grandson of Leopold I through his first wife Margaret Theresa of Spain (the younger daughter of Philip IV). Their stated intention was to return France to at least the borders agreed to in the Treaty of Nijmegen. The old military aristocracy (the Noblesse d'épée, or "nobility of the sword") ceased to have a monopoly over senior military positions and rank. However, the burial of Louis XIII, the father of Louis XIV, broke with ancient traditions. These actions enraged Britain and the Dutch Republic. On January 21, he walked steadfastly to the guillotine and was executed. [129][b][130], He did say, "Every time I appoint someone to a vacant position, I make a hundred unhappy and one ungrateful. [50] However, the pensions and privileges necessary to live in a style appropriate to their rank were only possible by waiting constantly on Louis. During the Eighty Years' War with Spain, France supported the Dutch Republic as part of a general policy of opposing Habsburg power. Louis was found guilty by the National Assembly and condemned to death. From that time until his death, Mazarin was in charge of foreign and financial policy without the daily supervision of Anne, who was no longer regent. . Only the "unprivileged" classes paid direct taxes, and this term came to mean the peasants only, since many bourgeois, in one way or another, obtained exemptions. Although Rigaud crafted a credible likeness of Louis, the portrait was neither meant as an exercise in realism nor to explore Louis' personal character. Louis XIV, byname Louis the Great, Louis the Grand Monarch, or the Sun King, French Louis le Grand, Louis le Grand Monarque, or le Roi Soleil, (born September 5, 1638, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France—died September 1, 1715, Versailles, France), king of France (1643–1715) who ruled his country, principally from his great palace at Versailles, during one of its most brilliant periods and who remains the symbol … No further churches were to be constructed, and those already existing were to be demolished. They were among the most significant means to spread royal propaganda prior to the construction of the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. Queen Anne had a very close relationship with the Cardinal, and many observers believed that Mazarin became Louis XIV's stepfather by a secret marriage to Queen Anne. Composers and musicians such as Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jacques Champion de Chambonnières, and François Couperin thrived. Leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift and his birth a miracle of God. The Cardinal depended totally on Anne's support and had to use all his influence on the Queen to avoid nullifying, but to restrain some of her radical actions. First, Louis had Algiers and Tripoli, two Barbary pirate strongholds, bombarded to obtain a favourable treaty and the liberation of Christian slaves. By the winter of 1708–09, he was willing to accept peace at nearly any cost. During his childhood, he was taken care of by the governesses Françoise de Lansac and Marie-Catherine de Senecey. His health started to decline on 10 August 1715 upon his return from a hunting trip in Marly, when he felt sharp pains in his leg. Among the better documented are Louise de La Vallière (with whom he had five children; 1661–67), Bonne de Pons d'Heudicourt (1665), Catherine Charlotte de Gramont (1665), Françoise-Athénaïs, Marquise de Montespan (with whom he had seven children; 1667–80), Anne de Rohan-Chabot (1669–75), Claude de Vin des Œillets (one child born in 1676), Isabelle de Ludres (1675–78), and Marie Angélique de Scorailles (1679–81), who died at age 19 in childbirth. By 1 May, though, his condition seemed stable. "[71], Peace was broached by Sweden in 1690. Enduring much pain in his last days, he finally "yielded up his soul without any effort, like a candle going out", while reciting the psalm Domine, ad adjuvandum me festina (O Lord, make haste to help me). Thus, on his deathbed, Louis' heir was his five-year-old great-grandson, Louis, Duke of Anjou, Burgundy's younger son. [3] The King surrounded himself with a variety of significant political, military, and cultural figures, such as Mazarin, Colbert, Louvois, the Grand Condé, Turenne, Vauban, Boulle, Molière, Racine, Boileau, La Fontaine, Lully, Charpentier, Marais, Le Brun, Rigaud, Bossuet, Le Vau, Mansart, Charles Perrault, Claude Perrault, and Le Nôtre. They also maintain that events occurring almost 80 years after his death were not reasonably foreseeable to Louis, and that in any case, his successors had sufficient time to initiate reforms of their own.[119]. [59], Historians have debated Louis' reasons for issuing the Edict of Fontainebleau. Pondichéry and Acadia were returned to France, and Louis's de facto possession of Saint-Domingue was recognised as lawful. That became the first of many copies, both in full and half-length formats, to be made by Rigaud, often with the help of his assistants. The French monarchy reached its height during the 72-year long reign of Louis XIV (r. 1643, officially from 1661 to his death in 1715), also called the Sun King. Although King James II was Catholic, his two Anglican daughters, Mary and Anne, ensured the English people a Protestant succession. [4] An adherent of the concept of the divine right of kings, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralised state governed from the capital. Acceptance of the will of Charles II and consequences, See also Louis' commissioned academy of dance, discussed in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAnselme1726 (, Louis had no children; he died aged 10 in 1795. La Mort de Louis XIV. He had many ailments: for example, symptoms of diabetes, as confirmed in reports of suppurating periostitis in 1678, dental abscesses in 1696, along with recurring boils, fainting spells, gout, dizziness, hot flushes, and headaches. In the last 10 years, the 41-year-old Catalan has made a handful of slow films and installations. Additionally, government officials could not be excommunicated for acts committed in pursuance of their duties. After a few battles, a political compromise was reached; the Peace of Rueil was signed, and the court returned to Paris. Thus, Brabant allegedly "devolved" to Maria Theresa, giving France a justification to attack the Spanish Netherlands. [128] It was widely repeated but also denounced as apocryphal by the early 19th century. On September 1, 1715, a few days before what would have been his 77th birthday, Louis XIV died of gangrene in Versailles, France. Louis also patronised the visual arts by funding and commissioning artists such as Charles Le Brun, Pierre Mignard, Antoine Coysevox, and Hyacinthe Rigaud, whose works became famous throughout Europe. All of Louis' tears and his supplications to his mother did not make her change her mind. However, the death of Narai, King of Ayutthaya, the execution of his pro-French minister Constantine Phaulkon, and the Siege of Bangkok in 1688 ended this era of French influence. People in France were complaining about the expansion of royal authority, the high rate of taxation, and the reduction of the authority of the Parlement de Paris and other regional representative entities. [103], Louis loved ballet and frequently danced in court ballets during the early half of his reign. Louis XIV (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (le Roi-Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1643 until his death. Although this was within his legal rights, the dragonnades inflicted severe financial strain on Protestants and atrocious abuse. The final phases of the War of the Spanish Succession demonstrated that the Allies could not maintain the Archduke Charles in Spain just as surely as France could not retain the entire Spanish inheritance for Philip V. The Allies were definitively expelled from central Spain by the Franco-Spanish victories at the Battles of Villaviciosa and Brihuega in 1710. He agreed that the entire Spanish empire should be surrendered to the Archduke Charles, and also consented to return to the frontiers of the Peace of Westphalia, giving up all the territories he had acquired over 60 years. It is now time that I govern them myself. [15], The Frondeurs, political heirs of the disaffected feudal aristocracy, sought to protect their traditional feudal privileges from the increasingly centralized royal government. [66], In light of his foreign and domestic policies during the early 1680s, which were perceived as aggressive, Louis's actions, fostered by the succession crises of the late 1680s, created concern and alarm in much of Europe. [78] If Anjou refused, the throne would be offered to his younger brother Charles, Duke of Berry. In 1648, Anne and Mazarin attempted to tax members of the Parlement de Paris. Despite military defeat, his ally Sweden regained much of their losses under the 1679 treaties of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Fontainebleau and Lund imposed on Denmark-Norway and Brandenburg.[38]. Paris erupted in rioting as a result, and Anne was forced, under intense pressure, to free Broussel. He took delivery of an African elephant as a gift from the king of Portugal. His body was laid to rest in Saint-Denis Basilica outside Paris. Arguably, Louis also applied himself indirectly to "the alleviation of the burdens of [his] subjects." After reigning for 72 years, Louis XIV was diagnosed with gangrene and the Sun King died at the Palace of Versailles on 1 September 1715. Back from hunting, Louis XIV feels pain in his leg. [60][61], Many historians have condemned the Edict of Fontainebleau as gravely harmful to France. This captured Franche-Comté and much of the Spanish Netherlands; French expansion in this area was a direct threat to Dutch economic interests. Rather, they focus on military and diplomatic successes, such as how he placed a French prince on the Spanish throne. It was Condé's sister who pushed him to turn against the queen. Birthplace: Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France Location of death: Versailles, France Cause of death: unspecified Rema. [46] Furthermore, Louis' librarian and translator Arcadio Huang was Chinese.[47][48]. Those Protestants who had resisted conversion were now to be baptised forcibly into the established church. Louis secured permanent French sovereignty over all of Alsace, including Strasbourg, and established the Rhine as the Franco-German border (as it is to this day). The War of the League of Augsburg, which lasted from 1688 to 1697, initiated a period of decline in Louis's political and diplomatic fortunes. without my command; to render account to me personally each day and to favor no one". In 1669, Suleiman Aga led an Ottoman embassy to revive the old Franco-Ottoman alliance. On the morning of 1 September he died. The Fronde years planted in Louis a hatred of Paris and a consequent determination to move out of the ancient capital as soon as possible, never to return.[20]. https://www.biography.com/video/louis-xiv-death-legacy-22729283779 French military superiority might have allowed him to press for more advantageous terms. This approaches the career of a professional ballet dancer.[104]. In an attempt to avoid war, Louis signed the Treaty of the Hague with William III of England in 1698. Most European rulers accepted Philip as king, some reluctantly. )", "La Mise en Spectacle De La Religion Royale: Recherches sur la Devotion de Louis XIV", "Force, Order, and Diplomacy in the Age of Louis XIV", "La Gloire du Roi: Iconographie de Louis XIV de 1661 a 1672", Henriette Marie, Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland, Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier, Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Alençon and Angoulême, Françoise d'Aubigné, Marchioness of Maintenon, Maria Carolina Sophia Felicity Leszczyńska, Provisional Government of the French Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV&oldid=1000149468, French military personnel of the Nine Years' War, People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2017, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2020, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2019, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles needing additional references from August 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Legitimised on 20 February 1669. Nearly every shot is a … He had many ailments: for example, symptoms of diabetes, as confirmed in reports of suppurating periostitis in 1678, dental abscesses in 1696, along with recurring boils, fainting spells, gout, dizziness, hot flushes, and headaches. He begins to die, surrounded by loyal followers in the royal chambers. In the 16th and 17th centuries, women wore mourning white, but by the 18th century black was firmly established as the colour of mourning. The gangrene worsened, and on the 26th it had spread to his bone. What is certain is that reaction to the Edict was mixed. He was a king for 72 years. Following Louis XIV’s death, his 5-year-old great-grandson, Louis XV, who was the last male heir of the Duc de Bourgogne, inherited the throne. He may initially have been inclined to abide by the partition treaties, but the Dauphin's insistence persuaded him otherwise. The Dutch were given the right to garrison forts in the Spanish Netherlands that acted as a protective barrier against possible French aggression. Among other things, it prescribed baptismal, marriage and death records in the state's registers, not the church's, and it strictly regulated the right of the Parlements to remonstrate. It can be used without an Internet connection. If the Spanish empire then fell to him, it would have resurrected a domain as vast as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's in the 16th century. Led into the royal bedchamber, they gazed upon Louis, who was feigning sleep, were appeased, and then quietly departed. His uncle, the future. On August 9th 1715, the Sun King, Europe's longest reigning monarch, returned from a hunt pushed over rough terrain in a wheelchair. Louis XIV, also popularly known as the Sun King (5 September 1638–1 September 1715) was the King of France and King of Navarre from 14 May 1643 until his death. Conseil des dépêches ("Council of Messages", concerning notices and administrative reports from the provinces). Held numerous offices, of which: Legitimised on 22 November 1681. The taille was reduced at first; financial officials were forced to keep regular accounts, auctioning certain taxes instead of selling them privately to a favored few, revising inventories and removing unauthorized exemptions (for example, in 1661 only 10 per cent from the royal domain reached the King). To remind the people of these triumphs, Louis erected permanent triumphal arches in Paris and the provinces for the first time since the decline of the Roman Empire. [99] The conclusion of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668 also induced Louis to demolish Paris's northern walls in 1670 and replace them with wide tree-lined boulevards.[98]. [77] Indeed, in the event of war, it might be preferable to be already in control of the disputed lands. William and Mary were recognised as joint sovereigns of the British Isles, and Louis withdrew support for James II. . The Centre Pompidou commissioned Serra to depict the death of Léaud as the Sun King. Maria Theresa died in 1683, whereupon Louis remarked that she had never caused him unease on any other occasion. Three times he bade farewell to Mme de Maintenon, and twice to the Court. [52] He encouraged leading nobles to live at Versailles. Warfare defined Louis's foreign policy and his personality shaped his approach. Additionally, Mazarin's relations with Marie Mancini were not good, and he did not trust her to support his position. After all, the Edict was the pragmatic concession of his grandfather Henry IV to end the longstanding French Wars of Religion. In 1661, after the death of Cardinal Mazarin, Louis began a massive construction project on Versailles, transforming the lodge into a palace suitable to host the Parisian court. Louvois, in particular, pledged to modernize the army and re-organize it into a professional, disciplined, well-trained force. In their analysis, his early reforms centralised France and marked the birth of the modern French state. This, in turn, was succeeded by another Siamese embassy under Kosa Pan, superbly received at Versailles in 1686. He established himself as an absolute ruler and created a model for absolutism (a form of government that was adopted by most European rulers and was a predominant political organization in Europe most of the 18th century), made France Europe’s leading political and military power, and increased trade and commerce. [57] This discrimination did not encounter much Protestant resistance, and a steady conversion of Protestants occurred, especially among the noble elites. Secondly, following the proposal of René de Marillac and the Marquis of Louvois, he began quartering dragoons in Protestant homes. 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