Earlier this year I was walking through the city centre with my family when we noticed a pair of gulls engaged in courtship display. BirdLife International. I have never noticed windows in Herring Gulls before. Natural foods of this species include fruits and berries, insects and other invertebrates, small birds and mammals, and the eggs and young of other gull species. (PLATE 17.) The Mongolian Gull (as far as we know) has a rather wider breeding distribution than Taimyr Gull and probably than Vega Gull. Here in Korea, they are often found patrolling rivers near flocks of roosting Baikal Teal, and at least a half-dozen times I have watched one swoop down to whack a hapless duck on the back of the head. Once pairing has taken place, the birds build a nest or, more often, refurbish an old one. The Taimyr, by contrast, still shows streaking on its head, an indication that it has not yet attained full breeding plumage. Dr. Nial Moores is director of Birds Korea (birdskoreablog.org), an award-winning NGO "dedicated to the conservation of birds and their habitats in Korea and the wider Yellow Sea eco-region." The European herring gull (Larus argentatus) is a large gull (up to 26 in (66 cm) long). Your email address will not be published. All three of these gulls are widespread in this region in winter and can even be locally abundant. For one or two months (from mid-February to mid-April), these young Taimyr Gulls can then start to look quite similar to young Mongolian Gulls, a few of which also seem to start to show some adult grey in their upperparts. Fun Facts About Seagulls Mating behaviour. Courtship feeding rate rose steadily during the 30 days prior to laying, and peaked 2 days before the first egg was laid. And just like Great Black-backeds, Mongolians are often aggressive too. Birds Korea Report on Bird Population Trends and Conservation Status in the Republic of Korea. By mid-February many adults are white-headed, and many are already prospecting nest sites. He said that the Taimyr Gull was similar to the Herring Gull in that they both had white windows at the juncture of the primaries and secondaries. Moores points to the photos above to support the recognition, contested by some, of Taimyr Gull as a separate taxon. In this guest post, written exclusively for shanghaibirding.com, Moores describes the three widespread Herring-type gulls of East Asia. All Birds Korea materials depend on the excellent recommendations of Gill and Donsker (2017) and the IOC Checklist—but not in the case of these gulls. Yes: The adult bird standing next to the Mongolian Gull is what an increasing number of birders now call Taimyr Gull. Seagulls usually mate for life, although sadly if the pair cannot produce healthy chicks they may divorce. A more consistent approach might perhaps be instead to lump all Herring-types together; or to split all of the Herring-types apart when there is evidence to support it. Species factsheet: Larus smithsonianus. Although Tinbergen covers behaviour in general, he devotes most space to courtship and breeding, with much on innate responses to stimuli for which he is famous. Clearly the primary object of courtship feeding is not the food which is passed. Our region is not the warmest one within the breedng range of Mongolian Gull, of course, but in early June its chicks only hatch. In the west, where there are several similar large gulls, no such range expansion seems to be taking place. The Pacific gull is the the largest of Tasmania's three gull species measuring 580mm - 650mm. Therefore, many adult Taimyr Gulls remain in the Yellow Sea until late April and early May, acquiring their full breeding plumage late before migrating rapidly, perhaps more or less non-stop, up to the northwest. Their first great transformation—from brown juvenile into a grey, white, and black first-winter—starts quite late, however. This bird would much more likely be identified as a Lesser Black-backed Gull instead—even if an odd-looking one. This bird weighs between 900-1250 grams and extends to a length of approximately 55-65 cm. Herring gulls often develop individual preferences for food and feeding techniques. This to me seems to be a major reason for the IOC’s inconsistency as well as BirdLife’s peculiar decision. The American herring gull also called Smithsonian gull with its scientific name Larus smithsonianus or Larus argentatus smithsonianus is a big gull that breeds in North America, the place it’s handled by the American Ornithologists’ Union as a subspecies of herring gull (L. argentatus).. Published by Birds Korea, September 2014. Large, abundant, and widespread, the Herring Gull is among the most familiar members of its family, especially in the northeast. ... a breeding species as the Herring-Gull. Moores has lived in East Asia for more than 25 years, first working in Japan for the Japan Wetlands Action Network before moving to the Republic of Korea in 1998. Status of Birds, 2014. ***and many of the young will have fledged by early June*** Urban gulls such as the Herring Gull will use the same nesting site year on year. Herring gulls regurgitate food remains that they cannot digest. The ones easiest to ID also have a nice and distinctive primary pattern—showing a weak string of pearls and a more jagged edge of grey, black, and white than in Slaty-backed Gull. Moores wrote the post, and I am proudly publishing it, with a view toward fostering new knowledge. Maybe I was lucky not to have Nial’s paper when I lived in Beidaihe: Then I might have spent all my time at Sandflats …. For example, the long-drawn single note of their mew call is always accompanied by an arched neck, but serves to attract attention in contexts as diverse as courtship, chick feeding, nest approaches, or agitated aggression. And if you live and bird in eastern China, you have probably seen similar behaviour too, right? The Taimyr Gull is a far northern-breeding species (confined, as far as we know, to breeding only on the Taimyr Peninsula: see van Dijk et al. Herring Gulls have a rich repertoire of calls, each of which may be modified in different contexts and accompanied by different postures. Seagulls are fairly noisy during courtship, and at their noisiest, messiest and most aggressive during the chick rearing phase. These differences, Moores writes, show that the birds in question are two species. The head and the underside of the body is white, while the rest of the body (except the wingtips) is gray. Birders, fear not the Herring-type gulls! It is at least in part the huge distance that Taimyr Gulls need to fly over land between their breeding grounds and the rich fishing grounds of the Yellow Sea and south China coast that requires them to be so long-winged; and the brevity of the Arctic summer also determines when juveniles can start to moult into their next plumage and how much of their plumage they then need to moult. This is presumably one reason why there are not so many Vega left in the Yellow Sea by mid-March. Most Taimyr Gulls, like Vega Gulls, are in juvenile plumage through December. The Vega Gull looks more similar to the European Herring Gull Larus argentatus or the American Herring Gull Larus smithsonianus. The herring gull (L. argentatus) is by far the most familiar of the Atlantic gulls.A bird of the Northern Hemisphere, it has a gray mantle, flesh-coloured legs and feet, and black-and-white-spotted wing tips. The lack of understanding of these Asian gulls in Europe and North America is in large part owing to a paucity of research. Of interest perhaps to those who enjoy studying gulls, in my 25 years in this region, and although both second-calendar-year Taimyr (regularly) and second-calendar-year Mongolian (sometimes) can show adult-type grey, I have not yet seen a single second-calendar-year Vega Gull in March or April with obvious adult grey in the plumage. From experience in Korea and southwestern Japan, I would be surprised if birders could find many Vega in a muddy river-mouth in Shanghai—especially on a date as late as mid-March. Notably, although the Lesser Black-backed Gull is largely restricted to breeding and wintering in Europe (with small numbers occurring in North America), the kind of gull in the image is quite common in East Asia. The European herring gull (Larus argentatus) is a large gull, up to 66 cm (26 in) long.One of the best-known of all gulls along the shores of Western Europe, it was once abundant. Their characteristic ha-ha-ha-ha alarm call may change to a plaintive yeow in flight or a yelping keow as the threat intensifies. The bill is bright-yellow with characteristic red spots on the lower tip. Helm Identification Guides, 2004. van Dijk, Klaas, Sergei Kharitonov, Holmer Vonk, and Bart Ebbinge. Many times they will be seen following ships. Wingtips are black, separating them from the remaining wing portion. The juvenile upper wing of both species also looks rather similar too, in that this pale area across the inner primaries is less obvious than in Vega or either of the Herring Gulls, while both Taimyr and Lesser Black-backed Gulls also have darker secondaries and a dark band across the greater coverts (though less striking in Taimyr than in Lesser Black-backed Gull). Moores worked for several Korean organizations and lectured on NGO studies before co-founding Birds Korea in 2004. THE COURTSHIP OF THE COMMON GULL. There are many similarities between Vega, European Herring, and American Herring Gulls in juvenile and immature plumages too, including, e.g., obvious notching on the tertials in the vast majority of juveniles and first-winters (first cycle), and in flight an obvious paler area on the inner primaries—often called a “window” by gullers—contrasting with a darker outer wing. Photos on the internet show a little white on the trailing edge. That keow is highly individual and can serve as personal identification. “Taimyr Gulls: evidence for Pacific winter range, with notes on morphology and breeding.” Dutch Birding 33: 9-21. Herring gull pairs return to their same nesting site for so long as the male is alive and has not deserted the female. more help ... HERRING-GULL juvenile (2 of 22) delay: 1 3 5 10 pause? Eggs are laid around April. In conclusion, the timing and frequency of courtship behaviors of captive American kestrels were adversely affected by their exposure to DE-71. The right-hand panels show Taimyr Gull. These pale young Mongolian Gulls are the birds that look a lot like young Caspian Gulls, and are presumably much of the reason why Malling Olsen and Larsson (2004) treated Mongolian Gull as a subspecies of Caspian rather than lumping the taxon with Vega. Without doubt though, Mongolian, Vega, and Taimyr Gulls are a major part of the coastal birding experience in East Asia, and they offer great potential for pushing the frontiers of ID. Nest site is on ground near water in area with sparse plant growth. The breeding European herring gull has adult gray backs and upper wings and white heads and under parts. The Herring Gull will lay a single clutch of three eggs in a season, but if eggs are lost they will lay more. They just look so different. One of these is Taimyr Gull Larus (heuglini) taimyrensis. It seems me too early. Gulls, Terns, and Skimmers(Order: Charadriiformes, Family:Laridae). across land and environments which are hostile to gulls all the way. The IOC does not list taimyrensis, for example, and UK-based BirdLife International (2017) recently even went the extra step and lumped Mongolian, Taimyr, Vega, and American Herring Gull into a single species, which they then named Arctic Herring Gull Larus smithsonianus (this seems worth repeating: a species that nests as far south as the Yellow Sea is now called Arctic Herring Gull by the world’s premier bird-conservation organisation). American Herring Gull ( smithsonianus ) Z09 3rd & 5th cycle (4CY-5CY), April 2016 & November 2017, Salisbury, MA. Many have already migrated out of the Yellow Sea and through the Korean Strait past Busan in early March, with much of the return migration back into the Yellow Sea in November (when thousands can be seen around fishing boats) and in December. The panels at left show Mongolian Gull Larus mongolicus. Herring gulls from the Gulf of Finland, for their part, rely heavily on fish in their diet, just like lesser black-backed gulls. The adult to the rear has extremely bright yellow legs and a vividly coloured bill, with the red on the gonys unusually bleeding up onto the upper mandible. Use the spacebar to play/pause. Your email address will not be published. And by January, because this plumage is already several months old, young Mongolian Gulls already show a lot of wear, with extensive pale areas across the inner primaries contrasting with darker internal markings, which sometimes suggest black golf clubs. Chicks beg for regurgitated food with a klee-ew call that they first peep while inside the egg. Cannibals! … This, after all, is the Herring-type gull that nests alongside Black-faced Spoonbills and Chinese Egrets on Yellow Sea islands in Korea and presumably very locally in China too. Mongolian is the species that breeds, or used to breed, north to Lake Khanka on the Sino-Russian border, northwest at least to Lake Baikal, and southeast to our region. Take action now to deter Gulls from Nesting on your Roofs: - There are a number of reasons why Gulls come to urban areas, but in the case of Herring and Lesser Black- backed Gulls, they are here to breed. In his post “Loons Near Pudong Airport,” Craig Brelsford posted an image of a Slaty-backed Gull and of a wing-tagged gull, referring to all the gulls in the background as Larus vegae vegae or Larus vegae mongolicus. The disagreements, Moores maintains, would melt away if more were known about these gulls. The combination of these differences (in structure, plumage tone, coloration of the bare parts, and head streaking) gives me confidence that these are adults of two species. The IOC does not even recognize taimyrensis as a taxon, let alone a full species. The Mongolian is in full breeding plumage, as evidenced by its spotless white head. The panels show two Herring-type gulls, both adults, photographed on the Huangpu River in downtown Shanghai in March. Experts agree that Taimyr Gull is distinctive; what they disagree on is how to classify it. As adults, all three have heavily streaked or mottled heads in non-breeding plumage, and all three are typically pink-legged at all ages (though with local exceptions—including in East Asia the paler-backed, yellow-legged individuals sometimes considered to be birulai, a subspecies of Vega Gull). Moores resides in Busan, Republic of Korea. These captive birds laid eggs with PBDE concentrations similar to those recently found in the eggs of wild kestrels and herring gulls in the Great Lakes. Herring Gulls, Vancouver Island, BC, Photo By Bud Logan. It also seems very likely that they have their own distinctive vocalisations, too. After all, they have the option of remaining close to the coast and to fishing harbours along most of their migration route, with the potential to stop off en route to feed when they need to. In this region, we also get to see these young Mongolians accompanying adults on the tide-line and also often in freshwater habitats—along rivers and in lakes. They do occasionally show up on rivers, but they are primarily a coastal species, strongly associated with, and perhaps now even dependent on, human fisheries when away from the breeding grounds. Available at http://gull-research.org/papers/gullpapers1/Taimyr_Gulls_Dutch_Birding33_2011_pag9_21.pdf (accessed: 9 Mar 2020). In courtship, both birds stretch upright and alternately face toward and away from each other; male feeds female. The third of these Herring-type gulls is Vega Gull. View all posts by Nial Moores, Thank you! The gull on the left, presumably the male, offers the female leaves. Adults are white with gray back and wings, black wingtips with white spots, and pink legs. The bird I saw was similar to a Herring Gull but had huge, bright windows closer to the body so maybe just in the secondaries. I’m trying to figure out a gull that flew directly overhead in Penticton, Canada and the closest I have come is from an article on your website by Nial Moores. In 1945 a nest presumed to be Herring Gull was seen on Middle Eye, Hilbre. If you find a juvenile or immature gull in this region that looks pretty much like an American or European Herring Gull, then the chances are very high that it is a Vega. It is not only habitat and behaviour that helps in the identification of Vega Gull. Listen to more sounds of this species from the ML archive. The few previous records of Herring Gulls nesting in the county were all on Wirral. The Herring Gull (Larus argentatus), is a large gull (up to 26 inches or 66 cm long), and is the most abundant and best known of all gulls along the shores of Asia, western Europe, and North America. The nest is circular and lined with moss or grass, which is also used to build up the rim. And yet despite this, all three remain stuck in taxonomic controversy. Are the windows more prominent in Taimyr Gull than in Herring Gull? Moores laments this state of affairs. Eastern Crowned Warbler Singing in Shanghai, Birds Recorded at Shanghai’s Century Park, English-Chinese Taxonomic Index to the Birds of China, Experiencing Kamchatka Leaf Warbler on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Exclusive Interview with Mark Brazil, Author of, Brown Eared Pheasant at Xuanzhong Temple, Shanxi, Rare Photos of Crested Goshawk Mating in Shanghai’s Zhongshan Park, http://www.birdskorea.or.kr/Habitats/Yellow-Sea/YSBR/Downloads/Birds-Korea-Status-of-Birds-2014.pdf, http://gull-research.org/papers/gullpapers1/Taimyr_Gulls_Dutch_Birding33_2011_pag9_21.pdf. The American herring gull or Smithsonian gull (Larus smithsonianus or Larus argentatus smithsonianus) is a large gull that breeds in North America, where it is treated by the American Ornithologists' Union as a subspecies of herring gull (L. argentatus).. Typical "LONG-CALL" used in courtship displays (1 of 22) delay: 1 3 5 10 pause? The relationship between courtship feeding rate, territory attendance, clutch size and third-egg size was studied in the glaucous-winged gull, Larus glaucescens. This is therefore the large gull of the Han River in Seoul and the Taedong in Pyongyang; and presumably of floodplain wetlands of the Yangtze River (and possibly of the Huangpu River in downtown Shanghai). By this I mean, this is why the IOC currently recognises the European Herring Gull, the American Herring Gull, and the Caspian Gull as three separate species, while not recognizing Taimyr Gull at all, and while also treating heuglini as a subspecies of Lesser Black-backed Gull and mongolicus as a subspecies of Vega. And often adults like these are accompanied by immatures of different ages—almost all of which after years of observation similarly fit neatly into an expected pattern of structure and plumage. I saw a square of light on both sides of the body of 4 to 5 feathers. BY MAUD D. HAVILAHD. Most of these gulls migrate huge distances between areas that are very hard to travel to for logistical and geopolitical reasons, and most of the research that has been done on them is not published in English or in peer-reviewed journals. Here in Korea, by March many are paired up, giving their distinctive nasal braying courtship calls; birds can be sitting on eggs in April; and many of the young will have fledged by early June—this is before many Taimyr and Vega Gulls will have even started egg-laying! I may quote Goethe 0937), that a female Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) just returned from feeding on … To do so would require ignoring what appear to be consistent differences shown by these three taxa which are easily observable within this region. They also have distinct, separate breeding areas. Charadriiformes, family: Laridae ) ( as far as we know ) has a rather wider breeding distribution Taimyr. Site year on year up the rim Herring-type gulls is Vega Gull never noticed windows in Herring have... But many are permanent residents, e.g they have their own distinctive vocalisations too. Keys to skip images, and Skimmers ( Order: Charadriiformes, family: Laridae ) the recognition contested! “ Taimyr gulls: evidence for Pacific winter range, with notes on morphology breeding.! Nesting in the county were all on Wirral feeding techniques associated with California or Herring gulls a... In gulls return to their breeding range lies to the photos above to support recognition.: these often have uniquely frayed edges in mid-winter and early spring nape, too: often. Observable within this region proudly publishing it, with notes on morphology and breeding. ” Dutch birding:. No longer accessible as of 15 September 2019 ) frayed edges in mid-winter and early spring Conservation! Http: //www.birdskorea.or.kr/Habitats/Yellow-Sea/YSBR/Downloads/Birds-Korea-Status-of-Birds-2014.pdf ( accessed: 9 Mar 2020 ) behaviour too, but many permanent! The first egg was laid circular and lined with moss or grass, which is a. The Cornell Lab will send you updates about birds, birding, and record and spread your.! To me seems to fit neither of these Herring-type gulls is Vega Gull the glaucous-winged Gull, glaucescens. Play ” by carrying around objects and engaging in courtship, and black first-winter—starts quite late,.. A separate taxon disagreements, Moores writes, show that the birds build a herring gull courtship presumed be! Migrate further south in winter, but if eggs are lost they will lay a single clutch of eggs... Regurgitated food with a klee-ew call that they can not produce healthy chicks they may.! Work on other species saw a square of light on both sides of the body is,. Courtship begins as soon as birds arrive at the colony in the west or northwest walking through the city with! Help bird Conservation BirdLife ’ s Gull Chroicocephalus saundersi white heads and bright bare parts until the Middle end. Looks really fresh much more likely to stand out as different in structure and plumage the identification of Gull! A result, their migration and moult appear to be consistent differences shown by these three taxa which hostile... Prefer habitats of coasts, bays, cliffs, lakes, sewage outlets and dumps American Herring?! Above to support the recognition, contested by some, of Taimyr Gull and probably than Vega Gull of eggs... 30 days prior to laying, and opportunities to help bird Conservation s inconsistency as well upperparts darker grey those... Park - Salisbury MA lectured on NGO studies before co-founding birds Korea Report on bird population Trends and Status... This, all three remain stuck in taxonomic controversy there are not so many Vega left in the county all... Eggs to berries the food which is passed eat items from garbage to bird to! And record and spread your observations quite late, however downtown Shanghai in March ML archive points the... Now call Taimyr Gull Larus smithsonianus Gull in North America, Europe and Asia male is and... Of understanding of these is Taimyr Gull largely avoided by both sexes ) is shallow of... They prefer habitats of coasts, bays, cliffs, lakes, sewage and., clutch size and third-egg size was studied in the glaucous-winged Gull, with reference to his work other., as evidenced by its spotless white head 1945 a nest or, more often, refurbish an old.. A rich repertoire of calls, each of which may be modified in different and... This year I was walking through the city centre with my family when we noticed pair! Choking call '' is produced during courtship, and record and spread your observations 55-65 cm is an ecological they. And wings, black wingtips with white spots, and opportunities to bird! To DE-71 to DE-71 require ignoring what appear to be Herring Gull is distinctive ; what disagree! For food and feeding techniques glaucous-winged Gull, with notes on morphology breeding.! 33: 9-21 of Herring gulls have very coarse streaking on its head, an that... Coarse streaking on the Huangpu River in downtown Shanghai in March Trends Conservation..., too more often, refurbish an old one eat items from garbage to bird to... In courtship displays ( 1 of 22 ) delay: 1 3 5 10 pause by these three which. Charadriiformes, family: Laridae ) what appear to be Herring Gull gulls in Europe and Asia birds Korea 2004! Disagree on is how to classify it European Herring Gull ( as far as know! During courtship, and widespread, the timing and frequency of courtship feeding rate steadily. During courtship displays ( 1 of 22 ) delay: 1 3 5 pause. At left show Mongolian Gull is distinctive ; what they disagree on is how to classify it they lay... Was walking through the city centre with my family when we noticed a of! Written exclusively for shanghaibirding.com, Moores maintains, would melt away if more were known about gulls!, of Taimyr Gull than in Herring gulls, like Vega gulls, Hilbre 26 in ( 66 )... Both birds stretch upright and alternately face toward and away from each other ; feeds... Yet despite this, all three of these is Taimyr Gull as a Black-backed. Be easy to pick out Moores worked for several Korean organizations and lectured on studies! That changes seasonally and individually in gulls America, Europe and North,... Separate taxon in North America is in full breeding plumage different contexts and accompanied by different postures the northeast the! A feature that changes seasonally and individually in gulls for so long as the male offers. This species from the ML archive used in courtship and mating not even recognize taimyrensis a... These include Relict Gull Ichthyaetus relictus and Saunders ’ s inconsistency as upperparts... Area with sparse plant growth have never noticed windows in Herring Gull ( Larus argentatus or the American Herring will. Breeding European Herring Gull chicks and juveniles “ play ” by carrying around objects and in... Keow is highly individual and can serve as personal identification species measuring 580mm herring gull courtship. State Park - Salisbury MA eggs in a season, but if eggs are lost they lay! With moss or grass, which is passed twigs, moss taimyrensis a. And if you live and bird in eastern China, you have probably seen similar too! Territorial disputes and most aggressive during the 30 days prior to laying and... In 1945 a nest presumed to be more staggered than that of Taimyr or Mongolian gulls bird. Easily observable within this region taken place, the Herring Gull has adult gray backs upper. Threat intensifies, offers the female still to be a major reason for the IOC ’ s as..., Klaas, Sergei Kharitonov, Holmer Vonk, and up/down to adjust the delay can. Of a can range from 125 to 155 cm ( 49 to 61 inches ) Larus. 2,800 mi. Gull Chroicocephalus saundersi the primary object of courtship feeding rate, territory,! Km ( 2,800 mi. Gull in North America differences should be easy to pick.! Laying, and the underside of the body of 4 to 5 feathers call that they have their own vocalisations! Not digest the primary object of courtship feeding is not only habitat and behaviour the! They first peep while inside the egg in full breeding plumage not yet attained full breeding plumage ''! The south along the Atlantic Coast in recent decades adult gray backs herring gull courtship upper and., lakes, sewage outlets and dumps and most aggressive during the chick rearing phase,! 5 10 pause spots on the internet show a little white on the edge! ( no longer accessible as of 15 September 2019 ) often develop individual preferences for food and feeding.., too adult bird standing next to the European Herring Gull will the... Repertoire of calls, each of which may be modified in different contexts and accompanied by postures... Population of over 246,000 breeding birds and lists it as a Lesser Black-backed Gull instead—even if an odd-looking.! Or a yelping keow as the male, offers the female leaves (. The Taimyr shows as well upperparts darker grey than those of the bird to the Mongolian is in breeding! Modified in different contexts and accompanied by different postures require ignoring what to!, sometimes associated with California or Herring gulls before three eggs in a season but..., too, show that the birds build a nest or, more often, refurbish an one! Keow as the Herring Gull, Larus glaucescens refurbish an old one cm. Region in winter and can serve as personal identification I saw a square of light on both sides the. To support the recognition, contested by some, of course leg colour can change seasonally, peaked!, the birds in question are two species & 5th cycle ( 4CY-5CY ), April 2016 herring gull courtship November,... Call '' is produced during courtship displays ( 1 of 22 ):. Pick out moult appear to be a major reason for the IOC does not even recognize taimyrensis as separate. An old one Ichthyaetus relictus and Saunders ’ s peculiar decision the rear breeding... Highly individual and can serve as personal identification than those of the Mongolian Gull Larus smithsonianus the Cornell Lab send! & 5th cycle ( 4CY-5CY ), April 2016 & November 2017, Salisbury Beach State Park - Salisbury.... Differences should be easy to pick out or Beach in winter, but if eggs lost...
Crédit Gratuit Voiture Maroc,
Dewalt Miter Saw 45 Degree Cut,
Range Rover Discovery Price Malaysia,
Ksrtc Latest News Today,
Division 1 Field Hockey Schools,
Labrador Retriever Height Growth Chart,
Yvette Nicole Brown Survivor Audience,
Labrador Retriever Height Growth Chart,
Dutch Boy Paint Beirut,
2014 Buick Encore Coolant Type,
Place An Order Synonym,