We provide evidence that cat groups within a population move different distances, exhibit different activity patterns, and that individuals consume wildlife at different rates - all of which have implications for managing this invasive predator. Fish and Wildlife Service 1990). Our dynamic occupancy models for free‐ranging cats and co‐occurrence models suggest that cats occupy a greater range of habitat types on Big Pine Key than marsh rabbits. Shrubland habitat along the Eastern Trail recently has been expanded for the endangered New England cottontail rabbit. In the Florida Keys, a very endangered species of rabbit faces a tough future. A few organizations might do rehabilitation of this rabbit. The marsh rabbit is found on the Eastern side of North Carolina and can only be confused with the Eastern cottontail. There is little difference in the coloration of males and females. Marsh Rabbit. Humphrey, editor. We observed cat site extinction events at three times as many sites as cat colonization events, and site extinction was related to the longer 2‐year trapping period between survey years (e.g., sites first surveyed in 2013). Average weekly temperatures in ENP are generally over 27°C for a 15-week period from mid-June to late September. The main threats are habitat loss and fragmentation from sea‐level rise, development, and habitat succession. The constant model for initial rabbit occupancy, colonization, extinction, and detection was more supported than including a year effect (ΔAIC = 3.98), so we did not include any covariates to distinguish 2013 from 2014 primary survey periods in further marsh rabbit models. Elevation via LiDar (−) was the only covariate relationship that disagreed with our a priori predictions. This species has a brown dorsal (back); gray belly, small ears, and a grayish-brown tail (Florida Natural Areas Inventory 2001). Brackish and freshwater marshes, edges of lakes and mangroves and other wet areas. We examined whether extinction (ε) was affected by patch size or coastal covariates, as well as cat covariates including the number of individual cats at a site or the number of cat detections in the final year (four hypotheses—Table S1). However, the effectiveness of predator removal and the effects of anthropogenic habitat modifications and restoration have not been evaluated. We used the current exotic predator management regime as an opportunity to examine the effectiveness of predator removal by quantifying the responses of the marsh rabbit population. Rare and endangered biota of Florida, volume 1: mammals. Between 2013 and 2015, we used camera traps to survey marsh rabbits and free‐ranging cats at 84 sites in the National Key Deer Refuge, Big Pine Key, Florida, USA. The subspecies has darker fur and has a different sized skull than the regular marsh rabbit. Each camera site had two opposing camera traps (Reconyx PC800 or PC850, RECONYX, Inc., Holmen WI, USA) set to provide multiple high‐quality photographs so that we could identify a high proportion of photographed animals. The Lower Keys marsh rabbit (LKMR, Sylvilagus palustris hefneri), a subspecies of marsh rabbit endemic to the Lower Keys, Florida, is threatened with extinction due to … They are found in brackish and fresh water marshes, in flooded agricultural areas, and in swamps. We used the two modeling approaches because although we expected the results to show similar relationships, we thought it was informative to compare results from contrasting approaches. Explore {{searchView.params.phrase}} by color family {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}} marsh bunny - marsh rabbit stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images . SCHMIDT-DISSERTATION.pdf (1.273Mb) Date 2011-02-22. We sampled 112 camera trap sites from 16 January 2013 through 4 April 2013 using an adaptive sampling approach in which initial camera data were used to inform subsequent sampling to increase the number of detections of both target species (i.e., Cove et al., 2018). These varying results reveal that cat abundance is a better predictor of marsh rabbit occurrence than cat presence alone. Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit, also known as Sylvilagus palustris hefneri, is a species of the marsh rabbit and is named after the Playboy founder Hugh Hefner. It's estimated that less than 300 of the rabbits remain today. However, we suggest that the subsampling of those sites and including additional sites from a survey in 2014 reduced any bias toward free‐ranging cats for the dynamic occupancy modeling approach from the resurvey in 2015. The Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) is one of many endangered endemic species of the Florida Keys. We also hypothesized a negative relationship between marsh rabbit occupancy and cat occurrence, and a positive relationship between cat removal and rabbit site colonization rates. Four of the eight dynamic co‐occurrence models received support as the 95% confidence set explaining variation in marsh rabbit–cat co‐occurrence dynamics (Table 3). One of these is the Lower Keys Marsh rabbit. Animal detection probabilities often vary on and off trails, so we also included presence of human trails as a binary covariate if camera stations were located directly on or off trails. However, unlike the cottontail, the marsh rabbit has a brown tail and is an excellent swimmer. Prior to management, cat densities on Big Pine Key were high (>4 cats/km2) and the home ranges of individual cats varied according to their ownership status (Cove et al., 2018). All research was approved under US Fish and Wildlife Service Permit #2013‐008 and North Carolina State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) #13‐003‐O. Therefore, we considered these sites to be unbiased for occupancy estimation of both species because they are representative of the entire wildlife refuge. We first modeled occupancy of marsh rabbits to determine habitat and predator relationships with dynamic parameters (MacKenzie et al., 2003). We ranked all models by their relative AIC value and model weights. Sites occurring on human trails (+) and within rabbit habitat (−) disagreed with our a priori predictions, but were also not significant. University Presses of Florida; Gainesville, Florida GIS Layers LKMR_CA Consultation Area. The 500 m cutoff was used because previous research suggested that upwards of 90% of the cat population on Big Pine Key move less than that distance in a 2‐month sampling window (Cove et al., 2018). Their findings were posted online this week by the journal Global Change Biology. Breeding occurs year-round but peaks December through June. This work was supported by the USFWS, the Florida Keys National Wildlife Refuge Complex, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, and NC Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Furthermore, marsh rabbit population projection models suggested that cat predation was likely the single most important factor hindering marsh rabbit recovery (Forys & Humphrey, 1999; LaFever et al., 2008). The main threats are habitat loss and fragmentation from sea‐level rise, development, and habitat succession. Three of the sixteen models were contained in the 95% confidence set explaining variation in free‐ranging domestic cat site use dynamics (Table S3). Feral and free-ranging domestic cats (Felis catus) can have strong negative effects on small mammals and birds, particularly in island ecosystems. Habitat is clearly a limiting factor for the Lower Keys marsh rabbit. ABSTRACT We conducted the most intensive estimate of the endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) metapopulation to date using pellet surveys and capture–recapture methodology. They do inhabit a number of the Lower Keys islands as well. Habitat destruction and fragmentation associated with residential and commercial construction activities over the past 20 years is responsible for the Lower Keys marsh rabbit™s endangered status. Long‐term monitoring and careful planning of habitat manipulations could provide further information about marsh rabbit population responses to bottom‐up and top‐down interactions like those observed in snowshoe hares (Krebs et al., 1995). "Earth's Endangered Creatures - Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit Facts" (Online) - Licensed article from Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. The marsh rabbit consumes a variety of aquatic plants including marsh grass, cattail, rushes, water hyacinths, marsh pennywort, duck potato, and amaryllis. The camera trapping protocol that we used provided useful data on predators and their distribution for inferences in co‐occurrence models. Learn more. The Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) is one of many endangered endemic species of the Florida Keys. Rabbit occurrence was positively related to freshwater habitat and patch size, but was negatively related to the number of individual cats detected at each site. Lower Keys marsh rabbit) is endemic to the Lower Florida Keys. Furthermore, it has been suggested that marsh rabbits are one of the first mammal species affected by the synergistic effects of human development and rising seas (Schmidt, McCleery, Seavey, Cameron Devitt, & Schmidt, 2012). Distribution; Notes; Marsh Rabbit Distribution . Sylvilagus palustris . Assessing Endangered Marsh Rabbit and Woodrat Habitat use and Predator Population Dynamics Feral and free-ranging domestic cats (Felis catus) have strong negative effects on wildlife, particularly in island ecosystems such as the Florida Keys. The status of the Lower Keys marsh rabbit is considered to be declining. Population estimates range between 100 and 300 rabbits in the Lower Florida Keys. Bobcats feed on small prey and are fantastic hunters. A positive relative change in cats detected at each site (e.g., more individuals in 2015 relative to previous survey years) was negatively related to marsh rabbit patch colonization (β = −1.09 ± 0.60SE). In addition to habitat covariates, marsh rabbit occupancy was related to indicators of predator presence and abundance. ), Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), Mapping, Remote Sensing, and Geospatial Data. As I told u earlier, Low-key rabbits are the most endangered subspecies of this rabbit, which is due to the fragmentation of its habitat. "Earth's Endangered Creatures - Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit Facts" (Online) - Licensed article from Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) – classified as an endangered species. Bolded models make up the 95% confidence set (∑ω > 0.95). Meet the rare Lower Keys marsh rabbit and browse photographs by Joel Sartore. Management strategies for KLWR recovery have focused on the creation of artificial nest structures and predator removal, as both are suggested to increase their distribution. The narrow geographic range of this species causes it to be more susceptible to extinction. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, Camera trap image of a Lower Keys marsh rabbit (, Camera trap locations, habitat, and anthropogenic areas from occupancy surveys of Lower Keys marsh rabbits (. Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit, also known as Sylvilagus palustris hefneri, is a species of the marsh rabbit and is named after the Playboy founder Hugh Hefner. You can identify marsh rabbits from the Eastern cottontail by their smaller ears and the dark, bluish-gray fur on its tail giving it the nickname “blue tail.” Nevertheless, our results indicate that reductions in the number of individual cats are an effective management practice that promotes marsh rabbit colonization of vacant habitats. Future research might benefit from more explicitly estimating the effects of potential variation in predator density and home‐range variation and its relationship with prey occupancy at survey sites, across multiple scales. Historically, the marsh rabbit inhabited most of the Lower Florida Keys, but rapid development since the 1970s has resulted in a decline of the marsh rabbit population and its long-term viability (Forys and Humphrey 1999a). Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia . Author. The Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli) and Key Largo cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola) are federally endangered subspecies endemic to the tropical hardwood hammocks of Key Largo, Florida. Cameras were left active at each site for 15–16 days, whereas total sampling occurred during 78 days in 2013 and 47 days in 2014 and 2015. This species can reach a length of 14-16 inches long (3.5-4 centimeters). Biome . General. They are most active at night, dusk and dawn, the same time many of the marsh rabbit's predators — owls, foxes, bobcats and alligators — are active as well. Rabbit pellets can last in the environment for long periods and potentially inflate estimates of the number of occupied sites. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Exotic predators such as free-ranging domestic cats (Felis catus) pose an additional threat to these endangered small mammals. We observed 10 rabbit colonization events and seven extinction events between the primary survey periods. Five models including the relative change in individual free‐ranging cats detected at each site received more support than the constant colonization model (Table 1). Previous research examining marsh rabbit distribution and dynamics was based on pellet surveys or radio telemetry of individual rabbits (Eaton et al., 2011; Forys, 1995; Schmidt et al., 2010), but these methods have limitations compared to our camera trap surveys. Michael V. Cove, NC Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. Nearly all other covariate effects agreed with our a priori predictions: sites located on human trails (+), rabbit habitat (−), freshwater habitat (−), coastal habitat (−), and patch size (−). Females can produce 6 litters a year of up to 4 babies. (2011b) conducted similar pellet‐based surveys and concluded that salt‐tolerant habitats such as mangroves and transition zones were beneficial to marsh rabbits after Hurricane Wilma. Our results indicate that this approach has helped to reduce the number of individual cats at sites colonized by rabbits since our initial surveys. The refuge was established in 1957 to protect key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) and 20+ other endangered and threatened species including the marsh rabbit. Additionally, we compared 15 a priori dynamic models of cat site use of camera trap sites following the same framework, excluding any covariates on colonization, and including a year effect based on the first year the site was sampled (e.g., 2013 vs. 2014) because it was supported in the initial candidate comparison (Table S2). In contrast, the marsh rabbit has a small gray-brown tail. Marsh Rabbits are found in lowland, marshy areas near to a permanent source of water in south eastern USA. Indeed, global analyses have suggested that exotic mammal eradications on islands can have strong conservation results for endangered and endemic species, but only three species of mammals have been documented to recover after exotic mammal eradications (Jones et al., 2016b). Fish and Wildlife Service trapped and removed approximately 40 free‐ranging cats from the refuge between the primary camera sampling periods of our study. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Harnessing knowledge of animal behavior to improve habitat restoration outcomes. The Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) is one of many endangered endemic species of the Florida Keys. Additionally, dynamic co‐occurrence models suggested cats and marsh rabbits co‐occur less frequently than expected under random conditions, but the 95% confidence interval included 1 (e.g., random expectation). The top‐supported free‐ranging cat detection model with the global occupancy parameterization suggested that free‐ranging cat detection probability was negatively related to camera locations on human trails (β = −0.63 ± 0.16SE), negatively related to camera locations in marsh rabbit habitat (β = −0.54 ± 0.15SE), and negatively related to the primary survey period occurring in 2013 (β = −1.04 ± 0.17SE), so we included those covariates in all further free‐ranging cat occupancy models. These rabbits like low elevation areas with swamps, marshes, and lake borders. Endangered Marsh Rabbit update-- There are many plants and animals we are concerned about post Irma. Increased development in the area further impacts the rabbits’ chance of survival because it not only blocks the rabbits from moving inland, it also blocks the necessary vegetation from “migrating” inland as well. There is a region north of Miamialong the east coast where this subspecie… It is one of four species of rabbits in the genus Sylvilagus that are native to the Carolinas, Virginia, and Maryland. In a study based on rabbit pellet counts, Eaton et al. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. and saltwater (Spartina spp.) Marsh rabbits are approximately 40 cm (16 in) long and weigh 1-2 kilograms (2-5 lbs). Free‐ranging cat site extinction probability varied according to the time since the primary survey period with extinction probability higher at sites with 2 years of predator trapping (ε = 0.70 ± 0.11SE) versus sites with only 1 year of predator trapping (ε = 0.20 ± 0.09SE). The top model suggested that the number of individual cats detected at sites had a strong negative relationship with initial rabbit occupancy, supporting the hypothesis that free‐ranging domestic cats play some role in the distribution of endangered marsh rabbits on Big Pine Key. The U.S. We considered the variation in behavioral response model the best … Common Name . The Lower Keys marsh rabbit is one of many endangered endemic species of the Florida Keys. Our initial sampling design was implemented as part of a free‐ranging cat capture–recapture study (Cove et al., 2018). Its range includes southeast Virginia, southern Georgia, eastern Alabama, the Florida peninsula, and the islands along the coast of Florida. Management strategies have focused on habitat restoration and exotic predator control. Abstract. Their diet also consists of blackberry, greenbrier, and other woody and semi-woody plants. Furthermore, marsh rabbit colonization was negatively associated with relative increases in the number of individual cats at each site between survey years. Watch full episodes of RARE: Creatures of the Photo Ark online now. [7] They are strictly limited to regions with ready access to water, unlike most rabbits. We created daily detection histories (0 = no detection and 1 = detected) for marsh rabbits and free‐ranging cats at each camera site. The marsh rabbit has dark chestnut-colored fur, a bluish-gray tail, and conspicuous claws on its hind feet. These areas flood during the rainy season and might have further value as refugia from potential predators that do not cross open water. The U.S. Working off-campus? In particular, sites surveyed in 2013 suggested co‐detection to be less than randomly expected (δ < 1), whereas sites surveyed in 2014 suggested co‐detection to be greater than randomly expected (δ > 1). They live almost entirely within wetlands and feed off of the grasses and sedge that surround the area. Sylvilagus palustris hefneri was federally recognized as an endangered species on June 21, 1990. Why are Marsh rabbits endangered? The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. It is similar in appearance to the eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) but is characterized by smaller ears, legs, and tail. One of these is the Lower Keys Marsh rabbit. As the name implies, the marsh rabbit is found only in undisturbed marsh. There were 270 trapdays with free‐ranging domestic cat detections, with 163 trapdays (mean = 1.9 detections per site ±2.4SD) with detections across sites surveyed in 2013–2014 and 107 trapdays (mean = 1.27 detections per site ±2.16SD) with detections at sites surveyed in 2015. Although the marsh rabbit is widespread all across the southern part of the U.S., the so-called Hefner’s rabbit is endangered and inhabits higher positioned areas with salt marshes or freshwater marshes, most of them are positioned in the area of Florida Keys. Spatial co-occurrence between exotic and native species in an urban reserve, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00144-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.028, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1534-x, http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/software/presence.html, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5227.1112, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00828.x, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2248:ESORWD]2.0.CO;2, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02464.x, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00442.x, https://doi.org/10.5326/15473317-31-5-429, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.07.016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-9654-7, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00915.x. The marsh rabbit consumes a variety of aquatic plants including marsh grass, cattail, rushes, water hyacinths, marsh pennywort, duck potato, and amaryllis. Facts About Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit Females can produce up to 4 litters of between 1-3 offspring every year. Furthermore, this dainty creature also holds yet another distinction. Marsh Rabbit . Restoration efforts for marsh rabbits and other endangered species on the refuge include the removal of roads, prescribed fires in wetlands and pine rocklands to promote native vegetation, and the removal of exotic plants and animals (USFWS, 1999). When both rabbits and cats occur at a site, the co‐detection interaction factors varied according to site‐specific covariates. MVC, BG, TRS, and AFO conceived and designed the research; MVC conducted fieldwork and collected data; MVC analyzed the data; TRS, BG, and AFO contributed materials/analysis tools and consulted on analyses; MVC wrote the initial draft of the manuscript; MVC, TRS, BG, and AFO revised and edited the manuscript. Much of the island was gridded with roads that affect flow and drainage regimes. Fish and Wildlife Service, on Big Pine Key, Florida (Figure 2). The Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri, hereafter: marsh rabbit—Figure 1), a distinct population segment of the mainland marsh rabbit endemic to the Lower Florida Keys, is one such protected subspecies (Lazell, 1984; Tursi, Hughes, & Hoffman, 2013). We compared 13 occupancy (ψ) hypotheses based on habitat, human disturbance, exotic predators, and combinations of factors (Table S1) and ranked them based on AIC model selection. We deployed camera traps to study free-ranging cats in National Wildlife Refuges and state parks on Big Pine Key and Key Largo and used spatial models to estimate cat population dynamics and stable isotope analyses to examine cat diets. Metapopulation Ecology and Recovery of the Endangered Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit. To Cite This Page: Glenn, C. R. 2006. Specific camera locations were not randomly selected within grid cells, but were chosen by selecting game trails and natural funnels to ensure high detection rates of rabbits and free‐ranging domestic cats. The Lower Keys marsh rabbit, known to scientists as Sylvilagus palustris hefneri — named for Playboy publishing magnate Hugh Hefner – is a small- to medium-sized rabbit with dark brown fur and a grayish-white belly. As many as seven individual cats visited a single camera trapping site, suggesting that the potential for interactions with marsh rabbits also increases with cat abundance. Evidence of interactions between free‐ranging cats and marsh rabbits is limited and typically anecdotal (i.e., Forys, 1995), or potentially biased because cats can kill marsh rabbits without consuming them (e.g., for stable isotope analyses—Cove et al., 2018). The Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) is one of many endangered endemic species of the Florida Keys. the marsh rabbit, was listed as a federally endangered species in 1990 (U.S. Develop new models to account for predators that cannot be uniquely identified and models to account for spatially clusteredsample. Little is known about the timing of their breeding activity in Virginia. McCleery et al. The mainland marsh rabbit (S. p. palustris) ranges from the Dismal Swamp, Virginia, along the eastern coast to northern sections of Florida and through the Gulf Coast into Mobile Bay, Alabama. The Florida marsh rabbit (S. p. paludicola), occupies the peninsular region of Florida, from south of the Florida Panhandle to the upper Keys. Select from premium Marsh Rabbit of the highest quality. These surveys resulted in 160 trapdays with marsh rabbit detections, with 58 trapdays (mean = 0.69 detections per site ±1.23SD) with detections across sites surveyed in 2013–2014 and 102 trapdays (mean = 1.20 detections per site ±2.00SD) with detections at sites surveyed in 2015. Shrubland habitat along the Eastern Trail recently has been expanded for the endangered animal. The main threats are habitat loss and fragmentation from sea‐level rise, development, and habitat succession. They can be identified by there short, dark brown fur and white bellies. Cameras were spaced 2–5 m apart depending on habitat features or trail width. marshes (USFWS, 1999). 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